');background-position:center right 1rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1rem;border:var(--idf-border-width-1) solid var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-s);-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer;font:unset;height:4rem;padding:var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-5) var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-2);-webkit-transition:all .35s ease;transition:all .35s ease;width:100%}.idf-select__select[data-v-91554806]:disabled,.idf-select__select[disabled][data-v-91554806]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8, 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100%}.idf-slideshow__indicator[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);border-radius:100px;bottom:1.6rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:var(--idf-spacing-1);padding:var(--idf-spacing-2);position:absolute;right:1.6rem;z-index:var(--idf-z-index-default)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:100%;height:var(--idf-spacing-2);width:var(--idf-spacing-2)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]:hover{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot.active[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-main-400)}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;justify-items:flex-start;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]>*{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-2c836b79]{--idf-icon-fill-color:currentColor;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.idf-standard-inputs-message[data-v-2c836b79]{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-2c836b79]{font-weight:700;margin-bottom:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-2c836b79] 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Accueil Toutes les actualités agricoles Charbon nu de l’orge : une menace silencieuse mais évitable Charbon nu de l’orge : une menace silencieuse mais évitable Comprendre, détecter et prévenir une maladie des semences aux conséquences durables.
1. Le charbon nu de l’orge : une maladie insidieuse à fort impact agronomique Le charbon nu de l’orge, causé par le champignon Ustilago nuda, est une maladie transmise exclusivement par les semences. Elle se manifeste à l’épiaison par des épis noirs, sans grain, remplacés par des masses de spores. Ces spores, très volatiles, peuvent contaminer les épis sains alentour, parfois sur de longues distances.
Comme illustré par Arvalis sur le cycle ci-dessous, le développement du champignon débute dès la germination du grain. Le mycélium progresse silencieusement dans la plante jusqu’à l’épi, où il se manifeste brutalement. Le taux de levée et la croissance de la plante ne laissent souvent rien présager jusqu’à l’apparition des épis charbonnés.
Les impacts sur le rendement peuvent être significatifs. Dans un essai mené à Lézinnes (2019), un écart de 10,7 q/ha a été observé entre une semence de ferme non traitée (13 % d’épis charbonnés) et une semence certifiée protégée. Même à des niveaux faibles (0,01 %), la présence d’épis charbonnés est très visible et peut compromettre la qualité de la récolte.
2. Une problématique critique pour la production de semences Le charbon nu est particulièrement problématique dans les contextes de multiplication de semences ou de renouvellement à la ferme. Quelques épis contaminés suffisent à propager la maladie à toute une parcelle, voire à contaminer des lots entiers de semences. Les spores peuvent se fixer sur les vêtements, les machines, ou être transportées par le vent. Une récolte contaminée peut ainsi, à l’insu de l’agriculteur, être utilisée comme semence l’année suivante, aggravant la situation.
Chez Soufflet, les semences de base sont systématiquement traitées avec des solutions efficaces comme Vibrance Gold (sédaxane, SDHI). Mais chez les agriculteurs, le choix d’un traitement de semences (TS) inefficace peut laisser la maladie s’installer sournoisement.
3. Lutter efficacement contre le charbon : seuils, détection et traitements Comment mesurer ? Seuils de nuisance : 1 épi charbonné tous les mètres : pas d’impact sur le rendement, mais renouvellement impossible.
2 à 5 épis par cerceau (0,25 m²) : contamination significative, nécessitant une action immédiate.
Traitements de semences efficaces : Seuls les TS systémiques (T6) pénètrent jusqu’à l’embryon et assurent une protection efficace :
Malheureusement, ces produits sont dans le viseur de la réglementation et risque d’être supprimés dans les prochaines années.
À éviter 4. La semence certifiée : un levier de prévention incontournable La semence certifiée constitue la meilleure garantie contre le charbon nu. Elle est issue de lots rigoureusement contrôlés, souvent traitée avec des TS performants, et exempte de contamination.
Dans les essais Soufflet, les bandes semées en certifiée au milieu de semences de ferme contaminées sont rapidement infectées si le champ voisin est atteint. Cela souligne l’importance de ne pas mélanger les sources de semences et de renouveler régulièrement avec des lots certifiés.
5. Nouvelles observations issues de l’essai de Saint-Valérien (89) ACI suit la problématique charbon nu sur orge de près depuis plusieurs années, notamment dans les secteurs où les orges de printemps étaient semées sans protection. Face au flou technique sur les TS homologués et au retrait progressif de certaines solutions, un essai spécifique a été mis en place à Saint-Valérien (89).
L’épiaison de l’orge a révélé des niveaux de présence de charbon intéressants. Des comptages d’épis sains/charbonnés sont en cours sur 9 modalités, et l’essai sera récolté. À ce jour, le TS Vibrance Gold assure la meilleure protection.
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