');background-position:center right 1rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1rem;border:var(--idf-border-width-1) solid var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-s);-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer;font:unset;height:4rem;padding:var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-5) var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-2);-webkit-transition:all .35s ease;transition:all .35s ease;width:100%}.idf-select__select[data-v-91554806]:disabled,.idf-select__select[disabled][data-v-91554806]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8, 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100%}.idf-slideshow__indicator[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);border-radius:100px;bottom:1.6rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:var(--idf-spacing-1);padding:var(--idf-spacing-2);position:absolute;right:1.6rem;z-index:var(--idf-z-index-default)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:100%;height:var(--idf-spacing-2);width:var(--idf-spacing-2)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]:hover{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot.active[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-main-400)}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;justify-items:flex-start;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]>*{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-2c836b79]{--idf-icon-fill-color:currentColor;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.idf-standard-inputs-message[data-v-2c836b79]{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-2c836b79]{font-weight:700;margin-bottom:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-2c836b79] 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Accueil Toutes les actualités agricoles Quelles sont les performances à attendre des variétés dédiées à l’agriculture bio avec les céréales à pailles ? Quelles sont les performances à attendre des variétés dédiées à l’agriculture bio avec les céréales à pailles ? Alors que les surfaces en céréales bio progressent, l’un des enjeux est d’avoir accès à des variétés adaptées à la conduite en agriculture biologique. Des essais annuels évaluent les performances de ces variétés spécifiques pour vous aider au moment de vos achats de semences.
L’offre variétale en céréales bio tend à bien s’étoffer depuis quelques années, répondant aux attentes actuelles des agriculteurs. Ce qui est recherché : résistance génétique, sensibilité à la régulation biologique et aux stratégies de lutte agronomique contre les maladies, adventices et ravageurs.
Selon l'ITAB, le choix de variétés de céréales à paille adaptées à l’agriculture biologique relève ainsi de plusieurs démarches :
la valorisation de variétés anciennes ou locales (dites de pays), le plus souvent via des filières courtes ;
l’utilisation de variétés issues de sélections pour le conventionnel mais convenant assez bien à l’agriculture biologique ;
la sélection de lignées répondant spécifiquement aux exigences de l’agriculture biologique, n’ayant pas les mêmes critères de sélection que ceux développés depuis plusieurs dizaines d’années pour répondre à la demande du marché conventionnel.
Une nouvelle catégorie vient en effet de voir le jour pour des inscriptions spécifiques à l’AB : les variétés biologiques adaptées à la production biologique. Le CTPS (Comité Technique Permanent de la Sélection des plantes cultivées) a d’ailleurs créé en 2017 une Commission d'Inter sections dédiée à l’évaluation des variétés pour l’Agriculture Biologique (CISAB). Toutefois, la décision finale d'inscrire une variété au catalogue revient toujours à chaque section « espèces ».
Lutter contre les bio-agresseurs et limiter les carences en azote En céréales bio, la sélection variétale va porter sur plusieurs caractéristiques : l’indice de précocité à épiaison, le potentiel de taux de protéines, la résistance aux bio agresseurs et, bien sûr, le rendement. Sur le volet adventices, il s’agit d'obtenir des variétés concurrentielles et facilitant le recours à des techniques alternatives au désherbage chimique : vigueur au départ, pouvoir couvrant et hauteur sont donc importants. Côté maladies, il est intéressant de regarder les comportements des variétés vis-à-vis de l’oïdium, la rouille jaune, la rouille brune, des fusarioses, de l’helminthosporiose…
Blé bio : l’importance du critère rouillesEn blé conventionnel, c’est souvent la note de sensibilité à la septoriose qui est déterminante dans le choix variétal, ce qui n’est pas forcément le cas en bio. En effet, la problématique maladies concerne davantage les rouilles : il est donc recommandé de s’orienter vers une variété résistante, la génétique étant le seul moyen de lutte.
Autre paramètre important : l’efficience de l’utilisation de l’azote au sol étant donné l’absence d’engrais azoté de synthèse. La capacité des variétés à optimiser le rendement et la teneur en protéines, en situation d’azote limitante, est, en effet, l’un des premiers critères de choix des variétés de blé tendre bio .
Les acheteurs de blé bio exigent un minimum de 10,5 % de protéines. Selon Arvalis - Institut du végétal, le rendement en azote exporté dans le grain (QN grains) est un bon indicateur de l’efficacité de la variété à valoriser l’azote disponible en optimisant, à la fois, le rendement et les protéines.
Des rendements très variables Grâce à un solide réseau de partenaires, des essais annuels permettent d’évaluer au plus juste les performances des variétés de céréales bio.
Les rendements du blé tendre , du triticale, de l’épeautre et de l’orge de printemps sont très hétérogènes et se situent en moyenne entre 25 et 50 q/ha. Des variabilités sont évidemment observées entre variétés et entre espèces.
Tableau 1 : résultats d’essais variétés 2020/2021 en rendements (q/ha) et en teneurs en protéines pour le blé tendre d’hiver (source : Choisir et décider - Céréales à paille bio - 2021/2022)
Tableau 2 : résultats d’essais variétés 2020/2021 en rendements (q/ha) et en teneurs en protéines pour le blé de printemps, le triticale et l’épeautre (source : Choisir et décider - céréales à paille bio - 2021/2022)
En blé dur bio, dont la demande augmente, les rendements sont plus aléatoires en lien avec les maladies foliaires, les carences en azote et la qualité souvent incertaine (teneur en protéines et sensibilité au mitadinage). Dans les essais 2019/2020 d’Arvalis et ses partenaires, les rendements atteignent 20-30 q/ha. Les variétés les moins productives affichent la plupart du temps des teneurs en protéines plus élevées.
L’influence du climat étant prépondérante mais variable d’une campagne à l’autre, rappelons qu’il vaut mieux analyser le comportements des variétés sur des résultats pluriannuels.
Un raisonnement à l’échelle du système Le choix de la variété est capital dans l’itinéraire technique des céréales en bio. Au-delà des performances attendues à la récolte, il est indispensable de raisonner la conduite de culture à l’échelle de tout le système en s’appuyant sur les leviers agronomiques pour la gestion des adventices, des maladies et des ravageurs.
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